Skip to main content

We’ll be carrying out planned website maintenance on Tuesday 29 September from 4pm, so the website may be temporarily unavailable during this time.

Chilli peppers

Chilli pepper

Like tomatoes, potatoes and tobacco, chillies are members of the nightshade family and come in some weird and wonderful shapes. You can find them growing in our Mediterranean Biome.

Botanical description

  • Scientific name: Capsicum sp.
  • Family: Solanaceae (potato)

Small shrub with robust stems up to 1.5m tall. Leaves alternately arranged or paired. Flowers hanging down (pendulous), dull-white or sometimes tinged green; anthers blue-pale-purple, occasionally yellow. Fruits two- or three-chambered, shiny, pungent berries; red-brown to cream in colour when ripe. Self-pollinated within each flower, or pollinated by insects.

Explore the plant

Chilli peppers growing in Eden's Med Biome with decorative red lanterns hanging from above
1

Although native to tropical America, chillies are widely cultivated.

NuMex Twilight chilli peppers growing on plant
2

The shiny, pungent fruits of the NuMex Twilight chilli pepper.

Cayenne pepper plant
3

The widely known cayenne chilli pepper.

'Spaghetti' chilli peppers
4

The long, thin fruit of the Spaghetti variety.

Flower of the cayenne chilli pepper
5

A pendulous white flower of the cayenne chilli pepper.

Facts

  • Christopher Columbus called them peppers because of their spicy hot taste.
  • The spicy heat of chilli peppers is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU), indicating the amount of capsaicin present in the fruit. Capsaicin is a chemical compound that stimulates nerve endings in the skin, especially in the mouth and eyes. Our hottest chilli at Eden – the Dorset Naga – measures 1.6 million units!

Did you know?

Chilli peppers originated in the Americas and Christopher Columbus was one of the first Europeans to encounter them when he was in the Caribbean.

There are three groups of chilli:

  • Habanero-type chillies: Habaneros can range in heat from very mild to mega-hot. They have a wonderful fruity aroma that adds a distinctive flavour to salsas and chilli sauces.
  • Vegetable-type chillies: These are relatively large-fruited with thick flesh and tend to be milder than the other types. They play the same culinary role as sweet peppers and the great stuffed or chopped in salads, stews, stir-fries and omelettes.
  • Spice-type chillies: These are generally small-fruited and thin fleshed and hotter than vegetable type chillies. They are used to add heat dishes rather than bulk and are ideal for drying and milling into powdered spice. Many varieties make great edible ornamentals.
Purple 'Fairy lights' chilli peppers growing upright on plant

Where it grows

Native to tropical America, chillies are widely cultivated and thrive in moist soils and sunlight.

Chilli pepper plants

Common uses

When chillies were introduced into Europe they were grown as botanical curiosities in the gardens of Spanish and Portuguese monasteries. The monks experimented with them in the kitchen and found they could use them as a substitute for black peppercorns which at the time were so expensive they were used as legal currency!

Useful links

Glossary

  • Anther: appendage on the stamen that contains pollen.

Share the page